Neutralising antibodies for West Nile virus in horses from Brazilian Pantanal

Despite evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) activity in Colombia, Venezuela and Argentina, this virus has not been reported in most South American countries. In February 2009, we commenced an investigation for WNV in mosquitoes, horses and caimans from the Pantanal, Central-West Brazil. The sera of 168 horses and 30 caimans were initially tested using a flaviviruses-specific epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (blocking ELISA) for the detection of flavivirus-reactive antibodies. The seropositive samples were further tested using a plaque-reduction neutralisation test (PRNT90) for WNV and its most closely-related flaviviruses that circulate in Brazil to confirm the detection of specific virus-neutralising antibodies. Of the 93 (55.4 percent) blocking ELISA-seropositive horse serum samples, five (3 percent) were seropositive for WNV, nine (5.4 percent) were seropositive for St. Louis encephalitis virus, 18 (10.7 percent) were seropositive for Ilheus virus, three (1.8 percent) were seropositive for Cacipacore virus and none were seropositive for Rocio virus using PRNT90, with a criteria of > four-fold antibody titre difference. All caimans were negative for flaviviruses-specific antibodies using the blocking ELISA. No virus genome was detected from caiman blood or mosquito samples. The present study is the first report of confirmed serological evidence of WNV activity in Brazil.

Immune homeostasis to microorganisms in the guts of triatomines (Reduviidae): a review

Bacteria, fungi and parasites are in constant contact with the insect gut environment and can influence different aspects of the host gut physiology. Usually, some of these microorganisms develop and survive in the digestive tract. Therefore, the gut environment must be able to tolerate certain populations of these organisms for the establishment of interactions between non-pathogenic bacteria, parasites and the gut. This review provides a brief overview of the biological and molecular mechanisms that microorganisms use to interact with the gut epithelia in mosquitoes and speculates on their significances for the development of bacteria and Trypanosoma cruzi in the guts of triatomines.

A Case of Hypersensitivity to Mosquito Bite Associated with Epstein-Barr Viral Infection and Natural Killer Cell Lymphocytosis

Hypersensitivity to mosquito bites (HMB) is a disorder characterized by a necrotic skin reaction and generalized symptoms subsequent to mosquito bites. It has been suggested that HMB is associated with chronic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and natural killer cell leukemia/lymphoma. We describe here a Korean child who had HMB associated with chronic EBV infection and natural killer cell lymphocytosis. A 5-yr-old boy was suffered from necrotic skin lesions on the right ear lobe. Type A EB virus was detected from hlood cells and bone marrow biospy recognized hemophagocyrosis.

Recent advances in epidemiological field techniques in filariasis.

There have been very few advances in epidemiological field techniques for filariasis in recent years. Advances in other areas of study of filariasis have been published and a summary of some of those which have some application to field technology will be given. Studies on vectors involving host influences on the development of filariae and the use of DNA probes for vector speciation were reported as well as the development of techniques that yielded species-specific identification of larvae in mosquito vectors. Experiments on animal transmission potentials also have been described. Mathematical models are becoming popular for various biological systems. It is postulated that models will enable workers to make predictions on prevalence of diseases and effect of control measures. A model has been proposed for bancroftian filariasis transmission dynamics and frequency distribution of microfilariae in blood samples. Other statistical methodologies have been published relating to age and sex distribution and frequency distribution and one suggested that females have increased resistance to filariasis, especially in the reproductive years. Advances in diagnostic technologies are highly relevant to the epidemiology of filariasis. The development of antibody and especially antigen detection systems using monoclonal antibodies, DNA probes, and polymerase chain reactions, etc, will make a significant impact on the identification of infected persons. Findings along other lines may also have application to field epidemiology. The quantitative blood count (QBC) acridine orange hematocrit tube has also been found to be of value in diagnosis. Elevated levels of ecdysteroids found in other filarial infections should be tested in cases of lymphatic filariasis.

Replication of dengue viruses in mosquito cell cultures: a model from ultrastructural observations

Mosquito cell cultures infected with human sera from dengue-1 and dengue-2 outbreaks, started in Rio de Janeiro by 1986 and 1990 respectively, were examined by electron microscopy at different times post the infection of cell cultures. More information was obtained about cell penetration of virus particles in the presence or not of antibodies, their pathway inside the cells, replication mode and exit. Infectiveness of the virus at those different stages can only be attributed to the particles appearing inside the trans-Golgi vesicles; most of all newly formed virus particles remain inside the RER-derived cell vesicles or inside lysosomes, even during cell lysis. Groups of larges particles, 65-75 nm in diameter at dengue-2 infections, persist during cell passage. The large amounts of smooth membrane structures, as vesicles or tabules inside the RER are attributed to a cell response to viral infection

O uso do teste imunoenzimático na vigilância epidemiologica de arboviroses / The use of enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay in the epidemiologic surveillance of arbovirus

Realizou-se revisäo bibliográfica sobre a utilizaçäo do teste imunoenzimático, ELISA na vigilância Epidemiológica de infecçöes causadas por arbovírus da família Flaviviridae, gênero Flavivirus e da Família Togaviridae, gênero Alphavirus. O teste tem sido empregado na pesquisa de anticorpos humanos, de anticorpos e antígenos em reservatórios näo humanos e na identificaçäo de antígenos e da fonte alimentar de mosquitos vetores. Analisou-se o desempenho de ELISA comparando-o a técnicas empregadas para identificaçäo de anticorpos e antígenos de arbovirus. O teste apresentou 100,0 por cento de sensibilidade e especificidade média de 84,5 por cento na identificaçäo de anticorpos anti-Alphavirus em humanos. Foi muito sensível para Flavivirus, com valor médio de 95,2 por cento e especificidade média de 77,6 por cento. Na identificaçäo de anticorpos anti-arbovirus em reservatórios näo humanos, ELISA mostrou sensibilidade de 100,0 por cento e especificidade de 97,4 por cento e na pesquisa de antígenos virais em mosquitos vetores, especificidade média de 93,6 por cento e sensibilidade média de 76,5 por cento. Apresentou alto valor preditivo positivo, observado no cálculo da média dos valores apresentados nos trabalhos em que esse parâmetro foi pesquisado e obteve-se um resultado de 89,0 por cento. No estudo da reprodutividade do teste, observou-se coeficiente de variaçäo de 3,0 a 14,0 por cento nos resultados

Interaction of the mosquitocidal crystal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis isreaelensis with phospholipid vesicles

The 125-130 KDa mosquitocidal proteins of the Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis delta-endotoxin were purified, activated in vitro and their interaction with phospholipid Iiposomes studied. The crystal proteins were found to cause a rapid increase in the light scattering of liposome suspensions, which reflects a morphological change in the lipid bilayer. When liposomes loaded with radioactive markers were incubated with activated crystal proteins a relatively rapid release of more than 60% of the trapped markers occurred. It is suggested that segments of the toxin molecules may become partitioned in the lipid bilayers to cause the formation of leakage pores